Linear Regression

1. Regression Model
In statistics, linear regression is a linear approach to modelling the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. Let x1x_1x1​ be the independent variable and yyy be the dependent variable. We will define a linear relationship between these two variables as follows:
y=θ0+θ1x1y = \theta_0+\theta_1 x_1y=θ0​+θ1​x1​
2. Define Loss Function
We will use the Mean Squared Error function.
L=1n∑i=1n(ytrue−ypredicted)2L = \frac{1}{n}\sum_{i=1}^n (y_{true}-y_{predicted})^2L=n1​i=1∑n​(ytrue​−ypredicted​)2
3. Utilize the Gradient Descent Algorithm
You might know that the partial derivative of a function at its minimum value is equal to 0. So gradient descent basically uses this concept to estimate the parameters or weights of our model by minimizing the loss function.
Initialize the weights, θ0=0\theta_0 = 0θ0​=0and θ1=0\theta_1 =0θ1​=0 
Calculate the partial derivatives w.r.t. to θ0\theta_0θ0​and θ1\theta_1θ1​ 
dθ0=−2n∑i=1n(yi−yiˉ)dθ1=−2n∑i=1n(yi−yiˉ)×xid_{\theta_0} = -\frac{2}{n} \sum_{i=1}^n(y_i - \bar{y_i}) \\   d_{\theta_1} = -\frac{2}{n} \sum_{i=1}^n(y_i - \bar{y_i}) \times x_idθ0​​=−n2​∑i=1n​(yi​−yi​ˉ​)dθ1​​=−n2​∑i=1n​(yi​−yi​ˉ​)×xi​ 
Update the weights
θ0=θ0−l×dθ0θ1=θ1−l×dθ1\theta_0 = \theta_0 - l \times d_{\theta_0}  \\ \theta_1 = \theta_1 - l \times d_{\theta_1}θ0​=θ0​−l×dθ0​​θ1​=θ1​−l×dθ1​​ 
Python Implementation
# Importing libraries
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
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# Preparing the dataset
data = pd.DataFrame({'feature' : [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15], 'label' : [2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22,24,26,28,30]})
# Divide the data to training set and test set
X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(data['feature'], data['label'], test_size=0.30)
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# Method to make predictions
def predict(X, theta0, theta1):
    # Here the predict function is: theta0+theta1*x
    return np.array([(theta0 + theta1*x) for x in X])
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def linear_regression(X, Y):
    # Initializing variables
    theta0 = 0
    theta1 = 0
    learning_rate = 0.001
    epochs = 300
    n = len(X)
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    # Training iteration
    for epoch in range(epochs):
        y_pred = predict(X, theta0, theta1)
​
        ## Here the loss function is: 1/n*sum(y-y_pred)^2 a.k.a mean squared error (mse)
        # Derivative of loss w.r.t. theta0
        theta0_d = -(2/n) * sum(Y-y_pred)
        # Derivative of loss w.r.t. theta1
        theta1_d = -(2/n) * sum(X*(Y-y_pred))
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        theta0 = theta0 - learning_rate * theta0_d
        theta1 = theta1 - learning_rate * theta1_d   
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    return theta0, theta1
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# Training the model
theta0, theta1 = linear_regression(X_train, y_train)   
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# Making predictions
y_pred = predict(X_test, theta0, theta1)
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# Evaluating the model
print(list(y_test))
print(y_pred)
Linear Regression using Gradient Descent
In this tutorial you can learn how the gradient descent algorithm works and implement it from scratch in python. First we look at what…
towardsdatascience.com
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